We calculated a straight-line path using principal component analysis of a binary segmentation of the region of interest. The 3D line was sampled at uniform intervals 10 voxels to define control points.
The first and last control points of the line were set to the 3D locations defined by the furthermost extent of the object along the line. For each section of the binary object, we calculated its centre of mass and moved the corresponding control point towards that location. After the adjustments of all control points, a curve-smoothing operation was executed that used the predefined stiffness constraint on the curve.
The extent of smoothing controlled the stiffness attached to the curve. The sectioning, adjustment and smoothing steps were repeated until convergence was achieved. Serial sectioning and tomographic imaging of the brain specimen was performed by J. S produced the stained histological slides. Photographs and figures were created by J. Additional background research was conducted by R. How to cite this article: Annese, J. Postmortem examination of patient H. Scoville, W.
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It was an experimental procedure that he and his surgeons hoped would quell the seizures wracking his brain. And, it worked. The seizures abated, but afterwards Molaison was left with permanent amnesia.
He could remember some things — scenes from his childhood, some facts about his parents, and historical events that occurred before his surgery — but he was unable to form new memories. If he met someone who then left the room, within minutes he had no recollection of the person or their meeting.
What was a tragedy for Molaison led to one of the most significant turning points in 20th century brain science: the understanding that complex functions such as learning and memory are tied to discrete regions of the brain.
Only patients who had specific portions of their medial temporal lobes removed experienced memory problems. And, the more tissue removed, the more severe the memory impairment. Over the next five decades, neuroscientists studying Molaison learned that the hippocampus and adjacent regions transform our transient perceptions and awareness into memories that can last a lifetime.
For Molaison, this transformation could no longer take place. He experienced every aspect of his daily life — eating a meal, taking a walk — as a first.
Yet his intellect, personality, and perception were intact, and he was able to acquire new motor skills. Over time, he became more proficient at tasks such as tracing patterns while watching his hand movements in a mirror, despite the fact that he could never recall performing the task before. Studies of Molaison paved the way for further exploration of the brain networks encoding conscious and unconscious memories.
Strong memory is a creative process that takes in sights and sounds and textures and emotions, so a really important memory will link with all of these areas of the brain. And when we recall it there is a creative process of putting it all together. Similarly with the smoking incident, that appears to have been very emotional also. So: a very negative experience and a very positive one. It was out of these things, on a daily basis, that Henry seemed to work out who he was.
The metaphor of well-trodden neural pathways and formative experiences which have been laid down seems particularly physically expressive here. Henry was not capable of learning new information, though his knowledge of past events, the Wall Street Crash, Pearl Harbor and so on, was clear.
Only a very few tiny details of TV programmes he watched repetitively ever stuck. He could, however, learn and retain new motor skills, which led to important understanding of the difference between conscious memory and unconscious. The latter category would include learning how to play tennis or ride a bicycle, or even play the piano — things that the brain encodes and transmits to the muscles through conditioning, memories which we come to think of as intuitive.
In all of this revelation, Henry opened up as many questions of the mystery of memory as he answered. MRI scans have helped unpick some of this, but shouldn't be relied on too heavily, Corkin says.
She places more faith in the new science of optogenetics, which has begun to understand memory processes at the level of "a specific circuit and the neurotransmitters and brain chemicals that modulate long-term memory. The future of memory research will focus on being able to activate or deactivate these circuits in the hippocampus," Corkin says, "and see how they promote or impair memory function. Partly through the physical example of Henry, she has no truck with any more esoteric ideas of mind.
Your mind is not in your big toe. The brain is a very physical structure, it is like your arm, but it has grey matter and white matter and a huge number of cells we are just beginning to understand called glia.
All your mind is contained in there. As we talk, I wonder if Henry was able to feel things like guilt or regret, emotions with a temporal component. She suggests not, though "he knew that he'd had a brain operation. He knew not many people had had the operation before him. He never used the word 'experiment', but I think he had the sense of himself as that word. Of the original operation, he once said: 'I think they possibly did not make the right movement at the right time. She did not remind Henry of this too often, however, in the same way that it was too painful, after his parents passed away, to have to let him know, as if for the first time, that they were dead.
The amnesia was both a prison and a liberation in this sense. His operation had given Henry by default the kind of concentration on the present to which Buddhist meditation might aspire. He had a tragic life and he made the best of it. He showed the world you could be saddled with a tremendous handicap and still make an enormous contribution to life. I found his resilience inspirational. In all their meetings Henry betrayed only the most fleeting traces of recognition of Corkin.
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