Since then the design has been constantly improved, and the first supercapacitors appeared on the market in the early s. Supercapacitors are used in electric circuits as a source of electric energy. They have many advantages over traditional batteries, including their longevity, small weight, and fast charging. It is likely that due to these advantages supercapacitors will replace batteries in the future. The main drawback of using supercapacitors is that they produce a smaller amount of specific energy energy per unit of weight and that they have low rated voltage and large self-discharge.
In Formula 1 races supercapacitors are used in energy recuperation systems. The energy is generated when the vehicle slows down.
It is stored in the flywheel, the battery, or the supercapacitors for further use. In consumer electronics supercapacitors are used to ensure stable electric current or as a backup power supply. They often provide power during the peaks for power demand in devices that use battery power and have variable electrical demand, such as MP3 players, flashlights, automated utility meters, and other devices.
Supercapacitors are also used in public transit vehicles, especially in trolleybuses, because they allow for higher maneuvering ability and self-contained motion when there are problems with the external power supply. Supercapacitors are also used in some buses and electric cars. A research group at the University of Toronto together with the electric motor distributor company Toronto Electric developed a Canadian model of an electric car, A2B. It uses both chemical sources of energy and supercapacitors — this way of storing energy is called hybrid electric storage.
The engines of this electric car are powered by batteries that weigh kg. In modern devices, the use of touchscreens that control devices through touching panels or screens is on the increase. There are different types of touchscreens, including capacitive and resistive screens, as well as many others. Some can only react to one touch, while others react to multiple touches. The working principles of the capacitive screens are based on the fact that a large body conducts electricity.
This large body in our case is the human body. A surface capacitive touch screen is made of a glass panel, coated with a transparent resistive material. Generally, this material is highly transparent and has low surface resistance. Often the alloy of indium oxide and tin oxide is used. The electrodes in the corners of the screen apply low fluctuating voltage on the resistive material. When a finger touches this screen, it creates a small leakage of the electrical charge. This leakage is detected in the four corners by the sensors and the information is sent to the controller, which determines the coordinates of the touch.
The advantage of these screens is in their longevity. They can withstand touch as frequently as once per second for up to 6. This translates to about million touches.
Because of their advantages, capacitive touchscreens have been replacing resistive touchscreens on the market since The disadvantages of capacitive screens are that they do not work well in sub-zero temperatures and that it is difficult to use them while wearing gloves because gloves act as an insulator.
The touchscreen is sensitive to exposure to the elements, therefore if it is located on the external panel of the device, it is only used in the devices that protect the screen from exposure. Besides surface capacitive screens, there are also projected capacitive touchscreens.
They differ in that there is a net of electrodes on the inside of the screen. When the user touches the electrode, the body and the electrode work together as a capacitor. Thanks to the net of electrodes it is easy to get the coordinates for the area of the screen that was touched. This type of screen reacts to touch even if the user is wearing thin gloves. They are durable and long-lasting, and this makes them popular not only in personal electronic devices, but also in devices meant for public use, such as vending machines, electronic payment systems, and others.
This article was written by Sergey Akishkin , Tatiana Kondratieva. Do you have difficulty translating a measurement unit into another language? Help is available! Post your question in TCTerms and you will get an answer from experienced technical translators in minutes.
In this part of the TranslatorsCafe. Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor.
In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the conductor plates and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates. The capacitance of a plate capacitor is defined as the charge per potential difference between the plates.
In electronics, passive two-terminal components used to store energy are called capacitors. The capacitance of such devices can vary from one picofarad to tens of farads double-layer capacitors. Therefore decimal fractions of a farad are in common use and decimal multiples are almost never used. Multimeters are used to measure capacitance.
The SI unit of capacitance is the farad. A 1-farad capacitor, when charged with 1 coulomb of electrical charge, will have a potential difference of 1 volt between its plates. One farad is very large capacitance.
Consider that the capacitance of the Earth is only approximately microfarads. At the same time, modern double-layer capacitors can have capacitance up to several farads at a working voltage up to ten volts. This online unit converter allows quick and accurate conversion between many units of measure, from one system to another.
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More about Capacitance Sensor screen of this tablet is made using the projected capacitance technology. Electronic symbols. Parallel RLC circuit: a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors in the power supply unit. Disassembled electrolytic capacitor. It is constructed from two aluminum foils. One of them is coated with an insulating oxide layer and is acting as the anode.
A paper soaked in electrolyte together with another foil is acting as the cathode. The aluminum foil is etched to increase its surface area. Electric car A2B made at the University of Toronto. This helps reduce the confusion that can occur when having to change between the different multipliers of values.
This capacitor conversion chart or capacitor conversion table enables quick and easy reference of the different values given for capacitors and conversion between picofarads, nanofarads and microfarads. There are a few popular ways of writing capacitor values. Often for example a ceramic capacitor may be given as a value of nF. If used in circuits with electrolytic capacitors, it is often interesting to realise that this is 0. These useful conversions can help when designing, building, or maintaining circuits.
When designing circuits or using capacitors in any way, it is often useful to have these capacitor conversions in mind as values transition from picofarads to nanofarads and then nanofarads to microfarads.
The standardisation of terminology has assisted in the conversion of values from one submultiple to the next. It has meant that there is considerably less room for misunderstanding. This is often useful when a circuit diagram may mention a capacitor value mentioned in one way, and the electronic components distributor lists may mention it in another. The capacitance conversion chart is very useful because different electronic component manufacturers may mark components differently, sometimes labelling as multiple of nanofarad, whereas other manufacturers may mark their equivalent capacitors as a faction of a microfarad and so forth.
Obviously the electronic components distributors and electronic component stores will tend to use the manufacturers nomenclature. Similarly circuit diagrams may mark components differently, often to keep commonality, etc. Accordingly it helps to be able to convert from picofarads to nanofarad and microfarads and vice versa. Often it is helpful to be able to use a capacitance conversion calculator like the one above, but often one becomes familiar with the conversions and the popular equivalents like pF is a nanofarad and nF is 0.
When using electronic components and undertaking electronic circuit design, these conversions quickly become second nature, but even so the capacitance conversion tables and calculators can often be very useful. These conversions are obviously useful for capacitors as well as other electronic components like inductors.
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